Cardiovascular Diagnoses

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
- Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), is due to an underdevelopment of the left side of the heart. This affects the size of the aorta, aortic valve, mitral valve and left ventricle. Babies with this condition need a series of heart surgeries or heart transplantation.
- Aortic Stenosis occurs when the aortic valve does not form properly and is narrowed. The normal aortic valve has 3 leaflets, but a valve with stenosis may have only 1 to 2 leaflets that are thick and stiff.
- Coarctation of the aorta is the term when a portion of the AORTA is narrowed causing obstruction of blood flow to the body. This causes the blood pressure to increase and the left ventricle of the heart is forced to pump harder. Due to this increased stress upon the heart, this abnormality may cause the heart to enlarge.

Heterotaxy
- Dextrocardia is a congenital abnormality in which the heart is not in its usual location on the left side of the body, but is on the right Dextrocardia is associated with a condition called, Situs Inversus, which is the reverse position of many organs.

Charge Syndrome
- A coloboma is a cleft or keyhole-shaped defect occurring in one or more areas of the eye including the iris, retina, or disc
- Atresia of the Choanae is characterized by the closure of the passages from the back of the nose to the throat which allow breathing through the nose.
- Tetralogy of Fallot is comprised of four primary defects within the heart: Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD is characterized by a hole between the right and left ventricles); Pulmonary Stenosis, (the narrowing of the lung valve); displaced aorta; and excessive thickness of the right ventricular wall. As a result, unoxygenated blood flows into general circulation. Because of a decreased blood flow to the lungs, a cyanotic condition is characterized with this syndrome. At birth, some babies fail to show the signs of the cyanosis but later may develop episodes of bluish skin from crying or feeding (called "Tet spells"). Tetralogy of Fallot occurs in approximately 50 out of 100,000 infants. It is the 2nd most common cause of congenital cyanotic heart disease in infants.

- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD,"Hole in the Heart")

- Ventricular Septal Defect ("Hole in the Heart"):

- Ventricular Septal Defects, VSD are the most common type of congenital heart defect. This defect is characterized by a "hole" present between the right and left ventricles. Because of this hole, blood from the left side of the heart is forced through the opening into the right side of the heart. This leads to increased pressure and flow in lung circulation. The increased pressure puts strain on the heart and can cause the heart to enlarge.